![]() This elicits a sensation of thirst and reduces renal excretion of water. Osmoreceptors and baroceptors detect small decreases in osmolality and blood pressure, triggering the release of ADH. In healthy individuals, volume homeostasis is regulated largely by antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Sodium-potassium pumps on cell membranes normally ensure that potassium is pumped into cells and sodium is pumped out, thus the intracellular sodium concentration is lower than the extracellular sodium concentration (the reverse applies to potassium) - see Panel 1. ![]() Water moves freely across the membranes that separate the compartments to maintain osmotic equilibrium. The extracellular compartment comprises both interstitial and plasma compartments. Within the body, water is distributed into intracellular and extracellular compartments. It is lost via the urine, sweat and faeces, as well as through insensible losses via the lungs and skin. Normally, fluid is gained from a person’s food and drink intake (including a small amount from carbohydrate metabolism). Basic fluid physiologyįluid and electrolyte levels in the body are kept relatively constant by several homeostatic mechanisms. Pharmacists should be prepared to advise on the prescribing of IV fluids alongside that of other medicines. 1 Iatrogenic problems arising from inappropriate fluid therapy can increase morbidity and prolong hospital stays. Research has shown that the prescribing of intravenous fluids is generally left to junior doctors - whose knowledge may be limited. Safe and effective prescribing of intravenous fluids requires understanding of the physiology of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, physiological responses to injury and disease, as well as knowledge of the properties of intravenous fluids. ![]() We do not recommend that you take any clinical decisions based on this information without first ensuring you have checked the latest guidance. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research.International Journal of Pharmacy Practice.Antimicrobial resistance and stewardship.
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